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991.
A bout of eccentric exercise confers protection against subsequent bouts of the same exercise. This study investigated whether the protective effect would be produced similarly between old and young adults. Eight old men (70.5 ± 4.1 years) and ten young men (20.4 ± 2.0 years) performed two bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors (six sets of five eccentric actions) separated by 4 weeks. Changes in maximal isometric strength, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR), plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, myoglobin (Mb) concentration, and muscle soreness (SOR) before, immediately after, and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following exercise were compared between bouts, and between groups by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Changes in the measures following the first bout were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller for the old than the young group. The young group showed significantly (P < 0.05) smaller changes in all measures following the second bout than the first bout; however, the old group had the protective effect only for ROM, Mb, and SOR. The magnitude of the effect observed for ROM and Mb concentration in the old group was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller compared with that of the young group. These results suggest that the protective effect conferred by the first bout was less for the old than the young group. This may be due to the less muscle damage after the first bout in the old subjects, but it is also possible that the protective effect of old adults does not last as long as that of young adults. 相似文献
992.
目的:探讨链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病早期小鼠胸主动脉钾通道的变化。方法:实验采用离体血管的方法测定糖尿病鼠和正常鼠胸主动脉环对血管收缩剂:60mmol/LKCl和苯肾上腺素(PE)、内皮非依赖性舒张剂:硝普钠(SNP)以及电压依赖性钾通道(KV通道),钙激活型钾通道(KCa通道),ATP敏感钾通道(KATP通道)阻断剂的反应。结果:糖尿病鼠胸主动脉环对60mmol/LKCl、PE和SNP的效应都显著大于对照组;KCa通道阻断剂四乙铵(TEA)显著降低糖尿病小鼠胸主动脉环在PE的激动下SNP的舒张效应,而且其-logIC50的差值较对照组显著增大;KV通道阻断剂4-氨基吡啶(4-AP)显著降低糖尿病和正常小鼠胸主动脉环对SNP的舒张效应,但是-logIC50差值无显著差异;KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲(Glibenclamide)显著降低糖尿病小鼠胸主动脉环对SNP的舒张效应,而对照组无显著阻断作用,-logIC50的差值也无显著差异。结论:糖尿病早期小鼠胸主动脉平滑肌细胞KCa通道的开放或表达显著增强,也证实了KATP通道开放增强。 相似文献
993.
Weber MA Kinscherf R Krakowski-Roosen H Aulmann M Renk H Künkele A Edler L Kauczor HU Hildebrandt W 《Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)》2007,85(8):887-896
Progressive muscle wasting is a central feature of cancer-related cachexia and has been recognized as a determinant of poor prognosis and quality of life. However, until now, no easily assessable clinical marker exists that allows to predict or to track muscle wasting. The present study evaluated the potential of myoglobin (MG) plasma levels to indicate wasting of large locomotor muscles and, moreover, to reflect the loss of MG-rich fiber types, which are most relevant for daily performance. In 17 cancer-cachectic patients (weight loss 22%) and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, we determined plasma levels of MG and creatine kinase (CK), maximal quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) by magnetic resonance imaging, muscle morphology and fiber composition in biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle, body cell mass (BCM) by impedance technique as well as maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max). In cachectic patients, plasma MG, muscle CSA, BCM, and VO(2)max were 30-35% below control levels. MG showed a significant positive correlation to total muscle CSA (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and to the CSA fraction formed by type 1 and 2a fibers (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). However, when adjusted for body height and age by multiple regression, MG yielded a largely improved prediction of total CSA (multiple r = 0.83, p < 0.001) and of fiber type 1 and 2a CSA (multiple r = 0.89, p < 0.001). The correlations between CK and these muscle parameters were weaker, and elevated CK values were observed in 20% of control subjects despite a prior abstinence from exercise for 5 days. In conclusion, plasma MG, when adjusted for anthropometric parameters unaffected by weight, may be considered as a novel marker of muscle mass (CSA) indicating best the mass of MG-rich type 1 and 2a fibers as well as VO(2)max as an important functional readout. CK plasma levels appear to be less reliable because prolonged increases are observed in even subclinical myopathies or after exercise. Notably, cancer-related muscle wasting was not associated with increases in plasma MG or CK in this study. 相似文献
994.
Richmond FJ Singh K Corneil BD 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1999,125(1):14-18
Obliquus capitis inferior (OCI) is a monoarticular suboccipital muscle linking the transverse process of the atlas (C1) to
the spinous process of the axis (C2). Histochemical analysis of fiber-type composition showed that the muscle has a marked
gradient of fiber-type distribution in which type I fibers comprise 95–100% of fibers in the deepest region but less than
10% of fibers in the superficial layer. Step-like changes in fiber-type proportions occurred between groups of fascicles.
In most instances the boundaries between these fascicles did not exhibit different perimysial features from those fascicles
with similar fiber-type proportions. OCI contained large numbers of muscle spindles, which were concentrated in deep regions
rich in type I fibers. The degree of nonuniformity in fiber-type distribution seen in OCI is unusually large when compared
with patterns described in other primate muscles, and has implications for the way that the muscle is studied anatomically
and physiologically.
Received: 11 August 1998 / Accepted: 23 September 1998 相似文献
995.
Post-exercise ketosis and the glycogen content of liver and muscle in rats on a high carbohydrate diet 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Post-exercise ketosis is known to be suppressed by physical training and by a high carbohydrate diet. As a result it has often
been presumed, but not proven, that the development of post-exercise ketosis is closely related to the glycogen content of
the liver. We therefore studied the effect of 1 h of treadmill running on the blood 3-hydroxybutyrate and liver and muscle
glycogen concentrations of carbohydrate-loaded trained (n=72) and untrained rats (n=72). Resting liver and muscle glycogen levels were 25%–30% higher in the trained than in the untrained animals. The resting
3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of both groups of rats were very low: <0.08 mmol·1−1. Exercise did not significantly influence the blood 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations of trained rats, but caused a marked
post-exercise ketosis (1.40±0.40 mmol·1−1 1 h after exercise) in the untrained animals, the time-course of which was the approximate inverse of the changes in liver
glycogen concentration. Interpreting the results in the light of similar data obtained after a normal and low carbohydrate
diet it has been concluded that trained animals probably owe their relative resistance to post-exercise ketosis to their higher
liver glycogen concentrations as well as to greater peripheral stores of mobilizable carbohydrate. 相似文献
996.
Patrick Feiereisen Jacques Duchateau K. Hainaut 《Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation cérébrale》1997,114(1):117-123
The recruitment order of motor units (MU) was compared during voluntary and electrically induced contractions. With the use
of spike-triggered averaging, a total of 302 MUs with recruitment thresholds ranging from 1% to 88% of maximal voluntary contraction
were recorded in the human tibialis anterior muscle in five subjects. The mean (±SD) MU force was 98.3±93.3 mN (mean torque
16.8±15.9 mNm) and the mean contraction time (CT) 46.2±12.7 ms. The correlation coefficients (r) between MU twitch force and CT versus the recruitment threshold in voluntary contractions were +0.68 and –0.38 (P<0.001), respectively. In voluntary contractions, MUs were recruited in order of increasing size except for only 6% of the
cases; whereas, during transcutaneous electrical stimulation (ES) at the muscle motor point, MU pairs showed a reversal of
recruitment order in 28% and 35% of the observations, respectively, when the pulse durations were 1.0 ms or 0.1 ms. This recruitment
reversal during ES was not related to the magnitude of the difference in voluntary recruitment thresholds between MUs. It
is concluded that if the reversal of MU recruitment observed during ES is biophysically controlled by differences in their
nerve axon input impedance, in percutaneous stimulation at the motor point, other factors such as the size and the morphological
organisation of the axonal branches can also influence the order of activation.
Received: 24 May 1996 / Accepted: 30 September 1996 相似文献
997.
Józef Langfort Leszek Budohoski Hanna Kaciuba-Uściłko Krystyna Nazar John R. A. Challiss Eric A. Newsholme 《European journal of applied physiology》1991,62(2):145-150
Summary The effects of two types of acute exercise (1 h treadmill running at 20 m· min–1, or 6 × 10-s periods at 43 m · min–1, 0° inclination), as well as two training regimes (endurance and sprint) on the sensitivity of epitrochlearis muscle [fast twitch (FT) fibres] to insulin were measured in vitro in rats. The hormone concentration in the incubation medium producing the half maximal stimulation of lactate (la) production and glycogen synthesis was determined and used as an index of the muscle insulin sensitivity. A single period of moderate endurance as well as the sprint-type exercise increased the sensitivity of la production to insulin although the rate of la production enhanced markedly only after sprint exercise at 10 and 100 U· ml–1 of insulin. These effects persisted for up to 2 h after the termination of exercise. Both types of exercise significantly decreased the muscle glycogen content, causing a moderate enhancement in the insulin-stimulated rates of glycogen synthesis in vitro for up to 2 h after exercise. However, a significant increase in the sensitivity of this process to insulin was found only in the muscle removed 0.25 h after the sprint effort. Training of the sprint and endurance types increased insulin-stimulated rates of glycolysis 24 h after the last period of exercise. The sensitivity of this process to insulin was also increased at this instant. Both types of training increased the basal and maximal rates of glycogen snythesis, as well as the sensitivity of this process to insulin at the 24th following the last training session. It was concluded that in the epitrochlearis muscle, containing mainly FT fibres, both moderate and intensive exercise (acute and repeated) were effective in increasing sensitivity of glucose utilization to insulin. Thus, the response in this muscle type to increased physical activity differs from that reported previously in the soleus muscle, representing the slow-twitch, oxidative fibres in which sprint exercise did not produce any changes in the muscle insulin sensitivity. 相似文献
998.
Shin-ya Kuno Hideyuki Takahashi Koichi Fujimoto Hiroshi Akima Masashi Miyamura Isamu Nemoto Yuji Itai Shigeru Katsuta 《European journal of applied physiology》1995,70(4):301-304
Very little has been reported on muscle energetics during exercise in adolescents. This is attributable to the difficulty of subjecting children to muscle biopsy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of muscle metabolism during exercisein vivo in adolescents by comparing firstly, with adults and secondly, the differences resulting from physical activity using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31PNMR) spectroscopy. The subjects were boys aged 12 to 15 years, comprising 21 trained boys and 23 control boys, and 6 adults controls. The ratio of phosphocreatine (PCr):(PCr + Pi), where Pi is inorganic phosphate intracellular pH at exhaustion and the time constant of PCr during recovery were measured in all the subjects using31PNMR. Both groups of children showed higher values of PCr:(PCr + Pi) and intracellular pH at exhaustion than did the adult control group (P < 0.01 orP < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found between the trained boys and the control boys with respect to PCr:(PCr + Pi) and intracellular pH at exhaustion. On the other hand, we found the same values for PCr time constant in all groups. This result suggested no differences of the muscle oxidative capacity between children and adults. We concluded that the adolescents, aged 12 to 15 years in both the trained and control groups, had less glycolytic ability during exercise than the adults. 相似文献
999.
In acute experiments the sciatic nerve of the rat is electrically stimulated to induce fatigue in the medial Gastrocnemius
muscle. Fatigue tests are carried out using intermittent stimulation of different compartments (sequential) or a single compartment
(synchronous) of the sciatic nerve. The activation of different compartments is achieved by dividing nerve fibres into subbundles
and placing them in separate grooves in a multigroove electrode. The aim of the investigation is to quantify the effect of
sequential contra synchronised stimulation in reducing muscle fatigue, with no overlap between compartments. Overlap between
two compartments is calculated using the combined and individual forces from both compartments. Sequential stimulation of
two and three compartments is investigated. There is a significant decrease of fatigue in sequential stimulation compared
to synchronous. After 2 min of intermittent stimulation the force time level is significantly increased in sequential stimulation,
than in synchronous stimulation. The rate of force time decrease is significantly slower in sequential stimulation than in
synchronous stimulation. With sequential stimulation it takes significantly longer before the maximal force time is reached
than with synchronous stimulation. 相似文献
1000.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of skeletal muscle adaptations resulting from high-intensity,
upper and lower body dynamic resistance training (WT). A group of 17 men and 20 women were recruited for WT, and 6 men and
7 women served as a control group. The WT group performed six dynamic resistance exercises to fatigue using 8–12 repetition
maximum (RM). The subjects trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks. One-RM knee extension (KE) and chest press (CP) exercises were
measured at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 for the WT group. Muscle thickness (MTH) was measured by ultrasound at
eight anatomical sites. One-RM CP and KE strength had increased significantly at week 4 for the female WT group. For the men
in the WT group, 1 RM had increased significantly at week 2 for KE and at week 6 for CP. The mean relative increases in KE
and CP strength were 19% and 19% for the men and 19% and 27% for the women, respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. Resistance
training elicited a significant increase in MTH of the chest and triceps muscles at week 6 in both sexes. There were non-significant
trends for increases in quadriceps MTH for the WT groups. The relative increases in upper and lower body MTH were 12%–21%
and 7%–9% in the men and 10%–31% and 7%–8% in the women respectively, after 12 weeks of WT. These results would suggest that
increases in MTH in the upper body are greater and occur earlier compared to the lower extremity, during the first 12 weeks
of a total body WT programme. The time-course and proportions of the increase in strength and MTH were similar for both the
men and the women.
Accepted: 6 September 1999 相似文献